Finding the Best Gear Shift Points

This article was first published in 2008.

Unlike petrol engine cars that tend to rev to the redline with little if any drop-off in power, diesels usually die early. That doesn’t apply to all diesels - it obviously depends on where the manufacturer wants to put the redline and rev cut – but a diesel’s forte is definitely in making torque. To put that another way, diesels develop good power low in the rev range.

So when you’re driving a diesel for maximum performance, you have a much greater choice as to when to change gear. Do you change early and let the torque do the work? Or do you change later and let the top-end power give you best acceleration?

In many diesels the answer’s not at all obvious, especially when you consider that in turbo diesels, short-shifting better loads up the turbo, so potentially giving more boost than is achieved in a lower gear.

Deciding when to shift gear is even harder when you’re driving a modified diesel. Have a look at this dyno graph for our Peugeot 405 SRDT. The upper red line on the graph shows the standard power output. The power flat-lines from about 3500 rpm, holding at 56kW until 4500 rpm, where it abruptly starts to fall. The sharp decline in power can be easily be felt from behind the wheel, giving a very natural 4500 rpm shift-point. (Redline on the tacho is 5000 rpm.)

The upper green line shows the power output gained with exhaust, intake, rev limiter, boost and fuelling mods. As you can see, the power again peaks at about 3500 rpm, holds until 4200 rpm and then starts to drop fairly quickly. So does that mean that in the modified car the gear shifts should actually occur earlier – at 4200 rpm rather than the standard car’s 4500 rpm?

But hold on! At 4500 rpm the modified car is making more power than the standard car, so wouldn’t it be faster with a later gear-change – say at 4750 rpm?

Finding the Answer

You could get all mathematical at this stage, consulting gear ratios, final drive ratios and wheel diameters to calculate tractive effort at the wheels. But then you need the torque curve – and that might vary with boost pressure and so load...

But with a few simple measurements, it’s dead-easy to find the answer on the road. In fact, to find the answers – you can easily measure the best revs for each gear change.

The way you do it is to measure the actual on-road acceleration in each gear. Rather than indirectly working out acceleration from seeing how long it takes the car to accelerate to a certain speed, with this technique you measure the actual acceleration that is occurring at full throttle at every speed and in every gear. Well, you don’t do it for every speed – you simply do it in increments of (say) 10 km/h.

But isn’t an accelerometer an expensive instrument? Nope! Just use a mechanical accelerometer – easy to use and cheap to obtain. Compared with an electronic accelerometer performance computer, it requires much more input from the user - but there are always going to be some trade-offs!

A mechanical accelerometer can use either a vertical pendulum that is deflected across a scale by acceleration, or a tube shaped in a semi-circle in which a small ball bearing is moved. A US company called Analytical Performance many years ago produced one of the best of the latter type of accelerometers, which was called the G-Curve. Their accelerometer consisted of an engraved alloy plate into which was let a long curved glass tube. The tube was filled with a damping fluid and a small ball bearing was sealed inside. A very good handbook was also provided with the instrument.

Unfortunately Analytical Performance is no longer in business but a substitute accelerometer can easily be assembled. Boat and yatching supply companies sell clinometers that are designed to measure the angle of boat heel. One such clinometer is the 'Lev-O-Gage', which in construction is very similar to the G-Curve. (However, because it is designed to measure heel angles, the scale is calibrated in degrees rather than g units.) Like the G-Curve, the glass tube is filled with a damping fluid to prevent the ball overshooting.

Here’s another boating clinometer. This one uses two scales, the top one being extremely sensitive.

So how does the accelerometer work? When the car accelerates, the ball climbs up one arm of the curved tube, showing how hard the car is accelerating. To convert the degrees reading of the clinometer to g readings, simply use a scientific calculator to find the tangent ("tan") of the number of degrees indicated. This means that if the car is accelerating hard enough to move the ball to the 20 degree marking, the acceleration is about 0.36g (tan 20 = 0.3639). However, note that converting the degree readings into g's isn't necessary for gear shift testing, where you just want an indication of the relative strength of the acceleration.

Testing

You’ll need a flat empty road and an assistant. You’ll also need a way of attaching the accelerometer so that it’s parallel with the long axis of the car and is horizontal. Suction capping it to the side glass works well. Level it (ie set the accelerometer so it reads zero when you’re stationary) and then face the car the other way. If the accelerometer is now no longer showing zero, the road isn’t flat.

Start off by doing the testing in third gear, or if the car is very powerful, in a higher gear that lets things happen relatively slowly. Drive along at the slowest speed the car will travel at in that gear and then plant your foot. At each 10 km/h increment, yell out “Now!” and have the assistant read the accelerometer and write down the figure. Continue right to the redline. Then do the same in each of the other gears.

If in lower gears things happen too quickly, do the odd increments first (eg 30, 50, 70, etc km/h) and then go back and do the even increments (20, 40, 60, etc km/h) on another run. In really quick cars, do it one speed at a time. The assistant should see a clear pattern in the figures for each gear – a mentally drawn graph shouldn’t show acceleration rising then falling then rising, for example.

If mistakes get made, or the figures don’t seem to make sense, do more runs.

Graphing

It’s best to graph the data – that way, the results are quite simple to understand. Here are the graphed results for the Peugeot 405 SRDT. To make this graph, the acceleration (in g’s) has been plotted against road speed in km/h. The readings for each gear have then been joined by straight lines. (Clearly, a smoothed curve would give a better representation of the real acceleration but for these purposes, a straight line connecting the points is fine.) Each gear’s acceleration was graphed from the slowest road speed possible to the highest road speed possible, the top end of 4^th gear (and the missing 5^th gear) excepted.

By dropping a line down to the speed axis from where the acceleration lines for each gear cross with the next higher gear, the optimal change points can be found. So, for maximum acceleration, the first/second change should occur at 38 km/h, the second/third change at 65 km/h and the third/fourth change at 94 km/h.

And what revs do these correspond to? In first gear 38 km/h corresponds to 4750 rpm, in second gear 65 km/h is 4250 rpm, and 94 km/h in third gear is also 4250 rpm.

Let’s look again at the dyno graph. The best gear change points have been marked on the graph, the green square showing the optimal 1-2 shift and the blue square showing the 2-3 and 3-4 shift points. As can be seen, these optimal gear change points are NOT what you would assume from looking at the dyno curve!

On the Road

Even though you can clearly feel power falling away at the top end, once you get used to holding 1^st gear to near the redline, using the optimal shift points feels good. It takes only a few acceleration runs to realise that what works on paper also works on the road. However, on this car, the gains made by using the optimal shift points is not shown in a faster 0-100 km/h time – the improvements in acceleration are offset by the time taken for the gear change from 3^rd to 4^th at 94 km/h. As the graph of on-road acceleration shows, holding 3^rd gear to 100 km/h saves the shift time and drops acceleration only a little for that last 6 km/h.

But then this testing is about improving real world acceleration – not just acceleration to an arbitrary figure like 100 km/h.

Conclusion

Especially in a turbo diesel car with a peaky power curve and lots of bottom-end torque, finding the optimal gear shift points can make a real difference to on-road performance. You can’t easily calculate it from a dyno curve of engine power but you can do it by using a simple and cheap instrument, on-road testing and the services of an assistant.

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