Last week in Alternative Cars Part 1
we looked at battery electric cars. This week it’s time for another type of
electric car – solar-powered cars.
Solar-powered cars have become well known through
long-distance solar races. One of the best known is the Darwin – Adelaide race
held in Australia. The wonderfully high tech cars streak through the Outback at
speeds of up to 130 km/h, apparently demonstrating that solar-powered cars will
shortly be in everyone’s driveways.
So what promise do cars powered by the sun
actually have?
Function
A solar car can use a variety of ways of
converting the sun’s energy into forward motion.
For example, a solar car can use parabolic
reflectors to concentrate the sun’s rays onto a collector that contains water,
so heating it sufficiently to obtain steam under pressure. The steam can drive a
turbine or reciprocating engine – making it a solar/steam car.
However, the most successful solar cars have used
photo-voltaic (solar) cells to convert the sun’s energy into electrical power.
Solar cells are placed all over the car’s body so
that they can receive the maximum amount of solar insolation, even when the sun
is low in the sky. In some cases, the solar cells are placed on panels that can
be aimed at the sun.
The power generated by the solar cells is stored
in a battery; the battery powers a very efficient electric motor that drives the
wheels. Sophisticated electronic controls manage the solar cell output and motor
speed drive in order that highest possible efficiencies are maintained.
Streamlined body shapes are used to reduce
aerodynamic drag to a practical minimum. Narrow, low rolling resistance tyres
are fitted and parasitic bearing drag is also minimised. The cars are also kept
as light in weight as possible, reducing both rolling drag (a little) and the
power required to climb hills at speed (a lot).
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The
Nuna III, built by students of the Delft University of Technology in The
Netherlands, won the last Darwin – Adelaide solar race.
It
is 5 metres long, 8 metres wide and just 0.8 metres high. The solars cells that
cover its surface have an efficiency of 26 percent and power an electric motor
rated at 2.4kW. The battery has a capacity of 5kWh and weighs 30kg. The body’s
drag co-efficient is a stunning 0.07.
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Advantages
Solar power is available anywhere the sun shines.
It is non-polluting, doesn’t make any noise and doesn’t smell. Solar power
technologies are well accepted and viewed positively by the public (eg
solar-powered electronic devices like calculators and watches; household solar
water heating). Solar power also has a very significant advantage – it is
free.
As with a battery-electric car, when the car is
stopped (eg at a red traffic light), the car is using almost no power. (Only
enough current is being drawn to run the control system, lights, etc.)
Disadvantages
However, the disadvantages of solar powered cars
are manifest.
Firstly and most critically, the amount of solar
power available per unit area is low – it is a diffuse power source. At maximum,
about 1kW per square metre is available. Note: that’s at maximum – it is less in
all daytime hours away from midday; it is less at latitudes greater or less than
0 degrees (ie the equator); it is less when clouds cover the sun. Oh yes, and at
night it is a lot less....
If a car has a plan area of (say) 8 square metres,
at best a power of 8kW is available. If the solar cells have an efficiency of 25
per cent (which is very good for solar cells), then the maximum power available
is 2kW. As the solar race cars show, a very tricky car can get along quite well
with these sorts of power levels. But only when you’re located in just the right
place and the sun is shining!
Because a large area of solar cells is needed, you
can’t even build a single seat, tiny and lightweight car that actually could be
used with only a few kilowatts of power available to drive it.
Solution
It’s very unlikely that solar-powered cars will
ever be viable. If solar cell efficiency increased by an amazing amount (eg it
rose to 80 per cent), a very small, lightweight personal car could be developed
– one more akin to a human powered vehicle in design and construction than a
traditional car.
However, even with this massive improvement in
solar cell efficiency, such a car would not be able to equal the performance and
practicality of current cars – there just isn’t enough energy available in the
small area in which it can be collected, and the availability of that energy is
not sufficiently continuous.
Conclusion
Unless solar cell efficiency skyrockets, forget
solar cars – and even if solar cell efficiency did radically improve,
solar-powered cars would still be very specialised daytime personal transport
vehicles only.
Next week: turbine cars
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