Over the last seven parts of this series we’ve
looked at a variety of alternative means of propelling cars.
Alternative Cars, Part 1 - Electric
Alternative Cars, Part 2 - Solar
Alternative Cars, Part 3 - Turbine
Alternative Cars, Part 4 - Human Powered
Alternative Cars, Part 5 - Steam
Alternative Cars Part 6 - Hybrids
Alternative Cars Part 7 – Fuel
Cells
It’s been an interesting technological journey,
but in a way, the technology is not the most germane aspect in predicting the
likely outcome - or even for that matter, the best outcome.
After all, the technology (electric cars) already
exists for people to undertake most of their journeys in machines that are
quieter, have lower total emissions and have better performance than
conventional cars. The technology already exists for people to undertake many of
their journeys in vehicles that have zero emissions and would improve public
health (human-powered vehicles).
In fact, social and economic factors are more
important to the outcomes than technological factors. But before we look at
these factors that are so seldom discussed, let’s turn our attention briefly
back to technology.
As described earlier in the series,
solar-powered cars are never going to be effective at a mass production,
consumer level. This is simply because the energy provided by the sun is too
diffuse to allow sufficient to be gathered in just the plan area of a car.
Turbines, while very effective in
aeronautical and continuous high power use, are ill-suited to automotive
application. This is primarily because their efficiency dramatically declines
when used at less than full power. To be effective, a turbine would need to be
sized so that it could operate continuously at full power, perhaps driving an
alternator charging a battery. However, matching of the turbine output and the
required power to drive the car is still needed.
Steam-powered cars are handicapped by low
thermal efficiencies and would become attractive only if poor quality fuel was a
prerequisite for automotive use. But having said that, it is surprising that
more research attention is not being paid to the potential benefits of
steam-powered cars. (Or of course the use of a different working fluid to
water.)
Despite the major commitment of car manufacturers
to fuel cell vehicles, their current inability to run on the two most
widely spread (all-pervasive, it could be said) energy sources in the world –
the liquid motor fuels of petrol and diesel, and electricity – is a massive
disincentive for consumer purchase. And while direct hydrogen remains the
dominant fuel cell input, that disincentive will apply almost irrespective of
the technological developments of the cells themselves.
So in the opinion of this writer, there are three
dominant alternatives to the traditional internal combustion engine (ie petrol
spark ignition and diesel compression ignition) engines:
Transport Hierarchy
We live in a society where, as one grows up, there
is a transition in personal transport. Other than walking, the first
independent, personal transport that most children have available to them is the
bicycle. I for one remember the enormous freedom that a bike gave me: it
immediately extended my geographical and philosophical horizons in a way that
remains to this day a sweet memory. In much the same way, my first car opened my
horizons another distinct step.
Such a tale is not unusual; in fact, it’s the norm
for western societies. However, this transition – walking, perhaps public
transport, then bike then car – implies to many a hierarchical progression. A
car is seen as better than a bike – so going back to human-powered vehicles is a
retrograde step. Riding a bike suggests the owner cannot afford a car –
otherwise, why would they be bothering to ride a bike?
Therefore, the first requirement for the adoption
of human-powered vehicles is the societal recognition that pedalling is not
automatically subservient in socio-economic status to cars.
Pedal Machine Design
Another limitation on the adoption of
human-powered vehicles is the dominance of the traditional diamond-framed
bicycle. While very efficient in terms of strength and use of materials, a
diamond-framed bike has very poor aerodynamic characteristics. When the effort
required to propel the bicycle is analysed, most energy is spent overcoming air
resistance. Designs of pedal-powered machines far more efficient than a diamond
framed bike are now available. (It is important that readers realise the reason
that such more efficient designs are not seen in competition - eg the Tour de
France - is because such advanced machines are banned.)
A recumbent, faired bicycle is the most
efficient form of transport ever devised. It has the lowest CO2
emissions, lowest ‘fuel’ consumption, and given a reasonable life, is very
likely to have extremely low per-kilometre production energy and emissions
costs.
The memory many have of childhood bicycles is
sitting on a narrow seat (which in the case of men is often the cause of
testicular discomfort and may well be associated with testicular cancer) and
labouring at the pedals to develop a continuous, high power. However, such a
view is similar to an elderly person remembering the discomfort and instability
of a 1950’s VW Beetle in a cross-wind and believing that current cars drive the
same way. Pedal-powered machines have dramatically changed.
The technology now available in pedal-powered
machines makes most people’s conceptions of bicycle performance and comfort
completely wrong. (Disclaimer: the author’s wife owns a business [www.speedpedal.com.au] that sells recumbent pedal trikes.)
Only One Vehicle?
The evolution of the car in our society has been
premised on the basis of one car for all uses. For example, a family that tows a
caravan on holiday three or four times a year has a vehicle sized for that task.
Someone who annually ventures off-road a similar number of times owns an
off-road capable four-wheel drive. In both cases, perhaps 80 per cent of the
annual kilometres driven do not require such a vehicle; in fact, for this
majority time, the car is ill-suited to the use.
Clearly, having available multiple cars that suit
various applications is much more efficient in terms of fuel consumption,
emissions, ride comfort, size, and so on.
However, the current system of insurance and
government registration penalises such a multi-car approach. A family might have
three cars, but only one is ever on the road at a time. However, the
registration and insurance costs are three times as great as having the one car.
This is illogical.
Secondly, the fact that people largely purchase
outright (or lease) cars for their sole use vastly reduces the fluidity that
could apply. Most people do not modify or personalise their transport (clearly,
lots of this magazine’s readers do, but most car owners don’t!) and so there’s
no need to have exclusive, 24/7 rights to a specific vehicle’s use. Instead, in
any community, it would make far more sense to have a pool of vehicles that can
be drawn upon.
People might well own only the car that suits the
majority of their use and then hire a ‘pool’ car for specialised applications.
(In the same way, having in a single Australian suburban street five 6x4
trailers, each of which is used perhaps 20 hours a year, is complete madness in
the use of resources.) Pool cars could include 7-seat diesels, electric cars,
hybrid cars, sports cars (ah, you’re paying attention again!), off-road style
four wheel drives and so on. Drive to work every day in an electric car and then
have a sports car for the weekend. Or a car that could tow your boat. Or...
Pick-up and delivery to the pool location would be free and bookable.
Such a system would vastly reduce overall fleet
emissions and fuel consumption. Arguably, it would also improve road safety
(people would have better access to a vehicle suitable for the task they’re
undertaking) and could reduce individual car ownership costs. The latter’s
especially the case if a broad community perspective was taken, where the
societal advantages could attract cost-effective government subsidy. (Public
transport is almost always subsidised by the government on the premise that it
is more efficient – so why not subsidise such a car pool system?) People would
also experience a much broader range of cars and so be far better informed as to
what cars exist and what tasks they are most suitable at performing.
A pool approach would also move away from the
design paradigm that cars need to be able to do most things well. For example,
the production of a city-only car would then make sense – there would be a
market for a car with excellent 0-100 km/h acceleration (but it doesn’t go any
faster), 100 kilometre range, small interior, and so on. Some people’s weekly
commuting fuel costs would drop by 80 or 90 per cent with no downsides.
Car Companies
While the technology of the car has changed
massively over the last 100 years, and that technology has been developed by car
companies and their suppliers, in many cases it has been the pressure of
government that has seen clear societal benefit. The introduction of fuel
injection to mainstream cars came about because of US emissions legislation,
(and ditto EGR, cat converters, etc); crash safety improvements have been driven
by government legislation and independent crash testing; fuel consumption
improvements have come from US CAFÉ legislation (and, indirectly from emissions
legislation).
Of course, there are many exceptions to this –
electronic stability control and ABS are two technologies developed without
government pressure or legislation.
However, with the current scientific awareness of
global warming, the time is now ripe for governments to impose on car companies
requirements that no doubt the companies would find draconian. Requirements,
especially, in the areas of fuel economy and CO2 emissions now need the same
radical revision that last occurred some 30 years ago. Such an approach would
immediately create far more efficient cars and would expedite the introduction
of some of the technologies covered in this series.
Conclusion
The technological focus of this series, and of
most discussion of alternative powerplants for cars, ignores the point that the
technology already exists that could dramatically reduce fuel
consumption, reduce emissions, in some cases improve performance, and improve
public health.
The broader social issues of the hierarchy of
transport technologies, ignorance of advanced pedal-powered machines, government
and societal structures that promote ownership and use of just a single
all-purpose car, and reluctance of government to enact legislation compelling a
rapid move towards more efficient machines – these are the impediments to
dramatic change.
|