Last week in Making Things, Part 1
we
looked at the forces that can break things: bending, compression & tension,
and torsion. As we said, as a general rule, a given material is likely to be
strongest in compression or tension, rather than in bending. We finished off by
looking at this trailing rear suspension arm, one that’s to be used on a
lightweight, small vehicle.
The arm primarily has the forces shown by the
yellow arrows acting within it - the upper arm (1) is in compression, the arm
leading to the suspension bush (2) is in tension, and the gusset panel (3) is in
tension. All good! However, the spring actuating lever (4) is in bending – not
so good. However, the latter bending component is catered for by the use of a
deeper section rectangular tube.
So that’s all fine – now let’s lighten it by
nearly 30 per cent! How? Well, we’ll drill some holes....
Where Material Isn’t Needed
Let’s go back to the example of a plank supported
by two piles of bricks. We’ll apply a downwards force in the middle of the
plank, as would occur if someone stood there. (As a reminder, the bricks are in
compression and the plank is being subjected to bending.)
When the plank is subjected to the downwards load,
the bottom fibres are in tension and the upper fibres are in compression, as
shown by the yellow arrows. But what about the fibres along the centreline of
the plank (yellow line)? There, the wood is neither subject to bending nor to
compression – it’s basically doing bloody nothing to withstand the forces. In
fact, you can remove this timber without it making much difference to the
strength of the plank.
And an easy way of removing that wood is to drill
holes in the plank – or in any other material where there’s stuff that’s not
doing much good. Note that instead of making (say) square cut-outs, round holes
should be used: they have the major benefit of not creating any points at which
the material could easily start to tear. (We’ll cover this point in more detail
in another part of this series, but in the mean time, think how easy it is to
rip plastic sheet once you’ve made a sharp nick in one edge. It’s much easier
than if you put a generously radius’d semi-circular cut-out on the edge.)
Back to the Real Stuff
Here’s that trailing suspension arm again... except
this time it’s got a few holes in it! The holes look almost random, but let’s
take their location step by step. Firstly, the gusset panel (3) is being
subjected to tension. In fact, it’s along it lowest edge where the greatest
tension is – the panel could be replaced with just a wire that follows the same
path as the bottom edge of the gusset. Therefore, the material in the middle of
this sheet aluminium panel doesn’t really need to be there, and can be removed
by having holes drilled in it. Next, the main part of the arm (1) is being
subjected mostly to compression, although if the gusset moves at all there will
be some bending too. So the material along the centrelines of each of the four
faces can be removed. The same applies to (2). (4) is subjected to high bending
loads, but again as we know the material along its centreline isn’t doing much,
so out again with the holesaw.
Clearly the holes will weaken the structure to
some extent, but the important point to note is that removing material in this
strategic manner results in a much lighter assembly without anywhere near the
loss of strength you might expect with the reduced weight. So how much less
weight then? In this assembly, where the mount for the wheel (far left) and the
aluminium tube for the bush (bottom right) could not be lightened, the overall
weight dropped by about 25 per cent. Looking at just the members that were
drilled, the mass reduction was something like 30 per cent.
Airships...
Almost
forgotten now, or seen simply as huge hydrogen-fuelled disasters in the shape of
the Hindenburg, the lighter-than-air aircraft of the 1920s and 1930s represented
state of the art design in aluminium frames. Despite their enormous size (larger
than many ocean liners of the time), the lifting capacity of the airships was
quite limited. As a result, extreme measures were taken to lighten everything
inside the craft. Dividing walls of the cabins were often made of cloth,
drinking water was low in volume – and holes were drilled everywhere!
This
photo shows even the ladders used to get to the top bunk were super lightweight.
The ladder is made from aluminium channel (or duralumin as this grade of alloy
was then called). Each hole is flanged for additional strength and except where
the treads of the ladder are located, the holes are incredibly close together.
And not only were the ladders made like this – much of the airship framework
also used holes to lighten the structure without overly reducing strength.
Holes
can be seen on many craft – including aluminium monocoque race cars – but the
pre-WWII airship design represents the approach taken to its extreme.
Incidentally, at the time, airships were by far the kings of the sky, especially
for intercontinental travel.
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Putting it to the Test
So how strong is a piece of square section tube
with a heap of holes in it? Proving that in full engineering detail takes some
techniques that we’re not going to cover here, but let’s do two simple tests.
First, the specs of the aluminium tube: 40 x 40 x 3mm, with 22mm diameter holes.
The length of the piece was 185mm and its mass 150g. (And 150g is nearly nothing
– like, a metal teaspoon weighs about the same!) The aluminium was just plain
ol’ retail aluminium – nothing special.
The first test was in compression. The heaviest
handy thing I have around is a car (a Lexus LS400) and the test piece was placed
vertically between a hydraulic jack and the underside of the towbar. Pump the
jack handle and the tube gets compressed as the weight of the car is lifted.
Incredibly, this section of lightweight, drilled
square aluminium tube can support about half the weight of the car! (Note the
rear wheels off the ground.) Ahh, but what about in bending? That’s a much
tougher ask.
This time, the test piece was supported on two
jack-stands beneath the raised towbar. In this position, the rear wheels are off
the ground. The jack was then lowered until...
...the rear weight of the car rested fully on the
test piece. Incredibly, again the 150g aluminium tube supported the load! (Again
note the rear wheels off the ground.) But was the tube bending like a
banana?
Nope! As this straight edge shows, the deflection
wasn’t even easily measurable.... Also check out how little of the tube is
supported on each of the jack-stands!
So how much weight does it take to break (or bend
beyond its elastic limits) this piece of tube? I don’t know, but I do know that
in the application in which I am using it, it has waaaay more strength than I
need!
So remember that holes don’t have to mean
weakness... while their presence always makes structures lighter.
Next week: more on making things...
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